mTOR signalling was not affected by trehalose treatment, suggesting that trehalose induced autophagy through an mTOR-independent pathway. Trehalose-induced autophagy was also observed in primary keratinocytes and the A431 epidermal cancer cell line. Here, we found that trehalose treatment increased the LC3-I to LC3-II conversion, acridine orange-stained vacuoles and GFP-LC3B (LC3B protein tagged with green fluorescent protein) puncta in the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line, indicating autophagy induction. However, whether trehalose or other saccharides can activate autophagy in keratinocytes is unknown. Studies have shown that trehalose exerts beneficial effects through inducing autophagy in mammalian cells. Autophagy is a process which mediates the sequestration, lysosomal delivery and degradation of proteins and organelles. Trehalose is a natural disaccharide that is found in a diverse range of organisms but not in mammals.
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